THE GRAND ILLUSION

THE GRAND ILLUSION

Time and space, however persistent they may seem to be, are illusions.

Matter and energy are much less persistent than time and space,

and they’re not what they seem to be.

All four are manifestations of consciousness, fleeting as a lightening flash.

The truth is neither “out there”, nor in the X-files; it is deep within.

If you go deep enough, the truth you’ll find is the same for everyone.

There is no evidence that consciousness is plural, that matter is real,

that energy is eternal, that time is linear, or that space can exist by itself,

Yet we dream that these illusions are real. Why not try to wake?

 We sleep as solid matter, we stir as energy, we dream as plants and animals,

And we wake as God.

Himmel und Erde müssen vergeh‘n, aber der Geist bleiben besteh‘n!

Cerul și Pământul trebuie să dispară, dar Duhul va rămâne vreodată!

Heaven and Earth must pass away, but Spirit shall ever remain!

THE GRAND ILLUSION

THE NATURE OF REALITY © Edward R. Close, 2016

First I’ll tell you what I know, and then I’ll tell you how I know it.

Reality, as we experience it, is an illusion. The separation of Reality into the apparent interplay of space-time-matter-energy as the physical universe is an illusion. This illusion is comprised of five (5) inter-related illusions:

1.    The illusion of matter

2.    The illusion of energy

3.     The illusion of space

4.    The illusion of time

5.    The illusion of separation

The scientific fact that these five illusory perceptions, which are based on the combination of hypnotic images created in the physical brain from the limited perceptions of the five physical senses are not real, means that the ‘big-bang’ expanding physical universe, in all its glory, is an illusion.

It makes no difference whether you believe this or not, it is true, and the truth will eventually become self-evident. Belief based on faith is unnecessary in the face of knowledge.

The illusion of matter was exposed by Max Planck as a result of his discovery of the quantized nature of physical reality, He said: “There is no matter as such.”

The illusion of energy (force) was exposed by Sir Isaac Newton when he stated the universal physical truth: “For every force there is an equal and opposite force.”

The illusions of space and time were exposed by Albert Einstein when he demonstrated that simultaneity and dimension are relative to the dynamic state of the observer.

The illusion of separation was exposed by Erwin Schrӧdinger when he stated that “There is no evidence that consciousness is plural.”

The news is that we now have mathematical proof, based on empirical evidence of the truth of this. Most of these proofs have been peer reviewed and published under the authorship of Close and Neppe, or Neppe and Close.

It is no accident that I am posting this on Independence Day. There is no doubt that clear knowledge of the truth shall set you free.

Watch this blog for further developments.

THE DISTINCTIONS OF REALITY

SPACE, TIME, MASS, ENERGY, AND CONSCIOUSNESS

AS DISTINCTIONS (Continued)

SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS AND PARADIGM SHIFTS

The word paradigm, derived from a Latin word meaning to show beside, in the sense of an example or model, was first used to mean a scientific model or world view, by American physicist and philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn in his now-famous book “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” published in 1962. He also introduced the term ‘paradigm shift’ to mean a fundamental shift in the basic concepts upon which science, or at least some major part of science, was based. Examples of major paradigm shifts include the shift from an Earth-centered cosmological model to a planetary solar system model, the shift to relativity, and the shift to quantum mechanics. Paradigm shifts do not negate everything known before, but they do profoundly change the way we understand the nature of reality.

A paradigm shift is the result of new evidence that contradicts the existing paradigm, and that evidence is most often discovered by scientists working in areas at the fringe, or outside of the existing paradigm. In every major paradigm shift, the scientists discovering them have been ridiculed by scientists in mainstream academia, who consider them to be misguided.

THE NATURE OF REALITY

Relativity and quantum physics were considered to be separate, and even competing and conflicting paradigm shifts, but together, they have revealed an expanding quantized reality where the location, relative motion and consciousness of the observer interact dynamically with and influence the nature of physical reality. Thus they paved the way for the paradigm shift being discussed here. We now realize, and can demonstrate mathematically, that no paradigm can be a theory of everything if does not contain consciousness, and as we’ve discussed in earlier posts, reality consists of mass, energy and a third form, in a nine-dimensional finite space, time consciousness domain, expanding out of a structured transfinite domain into infinity. The connections between consciousness and space-time domains are well-defined in the Calculus of Distinctions.

THE CALCULUS OF DISTINCTIONS

The calculus of distinctions (CoD) is a system of mathematical logic uniquely and ideally suited to describing reality in terms of integral multi-dimensional quanta of mass, energy, space, time and consciousness. I will not post the mathematical derivation of the CoD here, because it is too lengthy and technical, and I have published it elsewhere. (Notably in “Infinite Continuity” 1990, in “Transcendental Physics, 1997 and 2000, in “The Calculus of Dimensional Distinctions in Elements of mathematical Theory of Intellect”, 2003, published in Moscow with Vladimir Brandin, in “Reality Begins with Consciousness”, 2013 with Vernon Neppe. See www.BrainVoyage.com), and journal articles. The calculus of distinctions has advantages over the calculus of Newton and Leibniz, not the least of which is the fact that the CoD is designed to deal with quantum distinctions, and the calculus of Leibniz and Newton was not.

I will describe briefly here how the CoD was derived and applied to the elementary particles that make up physical reality. As I stated in an earlier post, the good news is: the calculus of distinctions is, in principle, easier to understand than the calculus used today. It is more basic than the calculus of Newton and Leibniz; it works the way your mind works. And learning the basics of the calculus of distinctions is like starting at the beginning of the story, not in the middle. The calculus of distinctions is logically prior to all mathematical expressions. Much like algebra and algebraic symbols, the calculus of distinctions is the logic of calculation, and distinctions are the objects of that calculation.

DISTINCTIONS

The awareness of reality begins with the first distinction drawn by a conscious entity: the distinction of self from other. And the distinction of self from other begins with the awareness of a feeling of being inside, as opposed to outside, experienced as I am ‘in here’, everything else is ‘out there’. This distinction is a necessary precursor to drawing other distinctions within self, and in other. It is the basis of all awareness of separation and combination, similarity and difference, equivalence and counting, and thus all mathematics. The distinctions of past, present and future lead to awareness of time, cause and effect, and finally, all science and knowledge. In space and time, we have distinctions of extent in 3 or more dimensions, and we have distinctions of content, as of mass and energy, and distinctions of intent or meaning, as in consciousness.

TRUE QUANTUM UNITS

Distinctions beyond the distinction of self from other are defined in units of mass/energy/consciousness equivalence. In a quantized reality, it is logical, and very useful to define the unitary quantum distinction in terms of the smallest possible particle of the substance of reality. That particle is the electron.

Using Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence expressed by E = mc², (true in SI units, i.e., where energy is measured in joules, mass in kilograms, and the speed of light in meters per second) we will ‘normalize’ our quantum unit by defining the measures of the electron as the basic units of measurement of quantum reality. This means that the quantity of mass and energy, and the volume of the electron are all set equal to one. These units are similar to Planck’s quantum units, but different from Planck units in a very important way: Planck’s units are derived by setting the five physical constants (the gravitational constant, the Coulomb constant, the Boltzmann constant, Planck’s constant, and the speed of light) equal to one. We are setting the basic mass, energy, space, and time measures of the electron equal to one.

Planck’s units are designed to simplify calculations involving the known ‘universal’ constants, and to remove the arbitrariness of macro-scale measurement units like feet, pounds, meters and grams. By redefining quantum units the way we have, we have defined measurement to be based on the four measurable features of physical reality: mass, energy, space and time, and the consciousness act of the drawing of distinctions, which is also an integral part of measurement. This removes the arbitrary aspect of measurement, as Planck units do, but we have also found a way to, at least tentatively include the action of consciousness. Defining the TRUE quantum unit in this way and using it as the unitary distinction in the CoD, we avoid the intractable difficulties of the current mathematics with more than two dimensions, by starting with 3D distinctions. We shall see that this greatly simplifies the mathematics needed to describe physical reality.

We know that stable elementary particles are spinning rapidly, at angular velocities even approaching the speed of light, and they are stable, because they don’t fly apart like an asymmetric lump of clay on a potter's wheel. This means that they must have symmetrical shapes. Planck’s discovery that reality is quantized provides an elegant way to determine the size and shape of the electron, and subsequently of the quantum unit, because, in a quantized reality, only certain symmetrical shapes are possible. I’ll go into this in more detail in technical papers, but for the purposes of this discussion, it is sufficient to say that symmetrical particles, spinning in three dimensions, behave as if they were spherical. This is because by spinning so fast they occupy the volume of a sphere.

 Contrary to the opinions of most physicists, classical physics principles do apply at the quantum level. Classical centripetal forces cause the extremities of spinning particles to be pulled toward the center, or shrink in size, increasing their spinning velocity, like a spinning skater. But, just as the quantum is the limit, or bottom, of physical mass, it is also the bottom of physical size, because the speed of light is the upper limit on relative velocity, which determines the limit on how small the particle can be. Thus, in the normalized electron unit we have the definition of the most basic unit of mass, energy and volume. Add to this the presence of the third form, carrying the logical structure of consciousness, and we have the Triadic Rotational Unit of equivalence, or TRUE unit as the basic unit of all three types of measurement: extent, content and intent.

I note in passing that the normalizing of the units of measurement to the TRUE unit, involves combining quantum and relativistic principles. Thus, by making the TRUE unit the basic distinction of the calculus of distinctions, we assure that the mathematics growing out of this will integrate relativity and quantum physics. In addition, the mathematics and geometry describing physical reality are greatly simplified because all of the particles that make up the physical universe, and any combination of them, are measurable in whole-number multiples of a basic equivalence unit, the TRUE unit. This normalizes all equations describing the combinations of quarks, electrons, protons and neutrons, atoms and molecules that make up the physical universe into simple Diophantine, or integer equations.

In future posts I will show how this approach leads to the discovery of the mathematical/geometrical/logical nature of the third form, which we’ve called gimmel in these posts, and how several long-standing puzzles of physics are solved using TRUE units of mass, energy and gimmel.

ERC 01/30/2016

QUESTION #2: WHAT IS THE SOMETHING OF REALITY?

WHAT IS THE SOMETHING OF REALITY MADE OF?

In contemporary science, everything, at least everything in the vicinity of planet Earth, is believed to be made of something measurable as mass and/or energy in the form of combinations of the atoms of the elements of the Periodic Table. These atoms are physical structures made up of combinations of three things: electrons, protons and neutrons, with photons being emitted from the structures under certain circumstances. The protons and neutrons are made up of triads of up-quarks and down-quarks that are almost never, if ever, seen alone. These ‘elementary’ particles all have an intrinsic characteristic spin of ½, and are called fermions. Other members of the ‘particle zoo’ with whole-number spin, called bosons, are short-lived products of atomic and sub-atomic collisions and reactions, and/or exist within atoms and nuclei as gluons. To preserve parity, that is to keep physical reality balanced, all of these particles have anti-particles. Oh yes, and because of the immense rotational and translational energy of these particles, they are surrounded by electromagnetic and gravitational fields. Finally, in keeping with de Broglie and Einstein’s work, all particles have vibratory or rotational frequencies.

This theoretical picture, called the Standard Model, is reasonably successful and complete. There are, however, a few things that the standard model of particle physics does not explain, and, there are some conflicts with relativity.   Some of the things unexplained by the standard model are: particle mixing angles, like the Cabibbo angle, named after the Italian physicist who discovered it, why fermions have an intrinsic spin number of ½, the role of symmetry, broken symmetry and super symmetry, and why particles spin at all. This last one will be the subject of the next post.

The Close-Neppe TDVP nine-dimensional spin model answers these questions, and unites relativity and quantum physics by putting consciousness into the equations. The logic of TDVP incorporates some new math called the calculus of distinctions, dimensional extrapolation, and Diophantine conveyance equations. This should not be surprising, because paradigm shifts have always required new math. Relativity required the new math of Minkowski’s 4-D space-time, and quantum mechanics required Schrӧdinger’s wave equation and Heisenberg’s probability matrix and Uncertainty Principle. The calculus of distinctions, which I developed and extended from George Spencer Brown’s Laws of Form in 1989, may be difficult to learn, but it is no more difficult than the rotational group theory of Grassman algebra, Lie algebra, and other complex algebras used in attempts to explain spin in the current paradigm.

The calculus of distinctions is the replacement of the calculus of Newton and Leibniz, made necessary by the discovery that the universe is quantized. Dimensional extrapolation and the conveyance equations are also necessary to deal with a quantized reality. The calculus of Newton and Leibniz was sufficient when we thought physical reality was infinitely continuous, and is still very useful for macro-scale calculations. At the quantum level, however, it is inappropriate and leads to some of the weirdness and misunderstandings[EC1]  in the current paradigm.

So physical reality is made up of spinning, quantized bits of something, - but spinning quantized bits of what? It’s not spinning bits of matter, because the more we’ve looked at atoms, nuclei, electrons and quarks, the less solid and matter-like it has become. The smallest possible spinning something turns out to be a nine-dimensional energy vortex. How do we know it is the smallest possible bit? Because Einstein’s relativity tells us that as a spinning bit gets smaller and smaller, its spin (angular momentum), volume and mass approach a limit dictated by the limit on spin velocity: the speed of light. Where these limits converge the TRUE unit is defined.

Speaking of relativity, Einstein’s famous equation E= mc² can tell us a lot, and it doesn’t take complicated mathematics. Anyone can understand it. Einstein’s equation applies to any finite system, from the smallest bit of something, to the entire physical universe at any given point in time. So consider the smallest possible physical system: a system consisting of just one unit of energy and one unit of mass. If one unit of energy is equivalent to (equals) one unit of mass times the speed of light squared, then by the simplest mathematical logic, the speed of light is equal to the square root of one unit of energy divided by one unit of mass. But speed is defined as distance travelled divided by the length of time required for something to travel that distance (miles per hour, for example). So if mass and energy are quantized (as proved by Max Planck) and the smallest possible volume of space is the space occupied by the spinning bit of something, we can define the smallest meaningful distance as the circumference of the spinning bit, and the smallest meaningful amount of time as the time it takes for the bit of spinning something to complete one rotation. Setting each of these quantities of mass, energy, space and time equal to one, we have the Triadic Rotational Unit of Equivalence defined.

Now, because the speed of light, as Einstein’s equation says, is equal to the ratio of energy to mass, we see that in any finite system of mass and energy, like the Earth, or the solar system, or the Milky Way Galaxy, the speed of light is determined by the ratio of energy to mass. If mass is converted to energy (as in an explosion) the ratio of E to m becomes larger and the speed of light increases, and if energy is converted to mass (as in a system that is cooling down) the ratio of E to m becomes smaller, and the speed of light decreases.  This tells us that, if a finite, localized part of the universe is losing energy, the speed of light has to get slower than in the rest of the universe, and if an isolated part gains energy, the speed of light will be faster. However, in any stable finite system, at any point in space-time, the speed of light is constant and nothing can accelerate past it (Einstein’s first Principle of Relativity).

Finally, the spinning bits of something that make up the observable and measurable physical universe, from the combinations of three quarks that make up the three elementary particles of atoms, which make up the molecules, compounds and cells, of animals, vegetables and minerals, everything occurs in triads, and the most basic of these spinning bits of something, the quarks, are also triadic. In order to be stable long enough to support life, they must be composed of three ostensibly different forms of the something: mass, energy and a third form which we are calling Gimmel. That third form of the something is neither mass, energy nor Gimmel, but the organizing factor that pervades the universe and conveys logical structure, meaning and purpose to the physical universe, the virtual tip of the iceberg of reality. That’s what the spinning bits of something are made of, and without it, there would be no physical universe, or meaning or purpose.

With the discovery of TRUE units of Gimmel, leading to the discovery of the source of mass, energy and Gimmel, i.e., the source of all things, the pervasive, unnamed something, finally, an understanding of the substance, meaning and purpose of the universe can be restored to our collective consciousness. This is vitally important and crucial at this moment in the unfolding of space, time and human consciousness, if we are to move away from the brink of destruction, and enter a new era of security, peace and abundance on this planet, a tiny ball of rock, water and mud, supporting life, intelligence and consciousness in a minor rotational arm of an otherwise un-noteworthy galaxy, spinning in space, time, floating in the un-manifest void of Primary Consciousness.

---

 [EC1]

A TRANSCENDENTAL PHYSICS UPDATE AND SUMMARY

A TRANSCENDENTAL PHYSICS UPDATE AND SUMMARY

Since initiating this blog in 2012, I have now entered 108 posts, including a number of videos, published papers, explanations and comments related to the inclusion of consciousness in the equations of theoretical physics, which I call Transcendental Physics, and the collaborative work with Dr. Vernon Neppe, MD, PhD, on the Triadic Dimensional Vortical Paradigm, a shift moving science beyond the current standard model, which is a materialistic, reductionist, incomplete picture of reality.

The number of visits to this website is now approaching 50,000 and there were 129 visits yesterday. With over 100 entries posted, people new to the site are asking questions like: Which post or posts will give me a quick overview? Does your theory really resolve the Holy Grail of theoretical Physics by including relativity and quantum physics under one consistent, workable theory? If so, How? What are TRUE units? And how do they differ from Planck units?

The purpose of this post is to provide easy access to a basic understanding of this material and answers to these questions

We live in a quantized physical world. A world composed of whole numbers of a basic unit. How do we know that? Planck discovered that energy occurs only in multiples of a quantum unit, never a fraction. And Einstein proved that mass is frozen energy. If energy is quantized, then so is mass, because E = mc².

In physics, Planck units are physical units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of universal physical constants that take on the numerical value of 1 when expressed in terms of these units. Planck units are very useful in theoretical physics because they elegantly simplify the mathematical statements of physical law by replacing the arbitrary units of inches and feet, centimeters and meters, pounds and grams, miles and kilometers, etc. TRUE units are Triadic Rotational Units of Equivalence. While Planck units normalize space, time, mass and energy in the equations of physics, they fail to normalize all quantitative parameters occurring in the equations of science.  The problem is not a short coming of Planck units, but a short coming of the mathematics being used. The calculus of Newton and Leibniz is based on continuity and infinitesimal that can approach infinitely close to zero. This is inappropriate in a quantized reality.

I developed a new calculus, The Calculus of Distinctions to replace Newtonian calculus with a mathematics that includes the action of consciousness. Application of this new calculus to relativity and quantum mechanics required replacing Planck units with TRUE units. TRUE units are derived from the relativistic equivalence of mass, energy, space, time and consciousness at the quantum level. TRUE units replace the infinitesimals of Newtonian calculus.

To gain a basic understanding of this, without learning a whole new system of mathematical logic, scroll down to the post “True Quantum Units, 3 Dimensions of Time and the Big Bang Myth” posted May 5, 2015 (my son Joshua’s birthday).

You might also want to review “What are Dimensions?”, “What is Mass?” and “Explaining the Unexplainable” posted April 19, 2015.

These four short videos should give you the basics.

IS THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER (LHC) A THREAT TO OUR PLANET?

IS THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER (LHC) A THREAT TO OUR PLANET?

I’ve written about the LHC in several of my posts on this Transcendental Physics blog, and you can find my comments in a number of posts by looking for LHC, Large Hadron Collider, Collider, Cyclotron, etc. in the post labels. Information is also to be found in work I’ve done with Dr. Vernon Neppe in publications available on www.BrainVoyage.com.

While I am critical of the hype put out by particle physicists claiming that they are creating conditions the big bang theorists hypothesize for the beginning of the universe, our research into the history of the universe has been made easier by the data the LHC and other particle colliders have generated. Statements about 'creating conditions prevailing in the early universe' and the importance of detecting the Higgs Boson are greatly exaggerated in order to get funding. Of course, some particle physicists may even believe this hype. Particle physicists appear to be making the logical error of thinking that they can fully understand a complex object by blowing it apart and looking at the pieces. In fact, the whole is always more than the sum of the prats. This is especially true in regard to quantum physics.

Concerning effects of the LHC on the environment, fortunately, the effects of the operation of the collider on the planet are not as serious or far-reaching as you might think, - at least not yet – for the following reasons: 

1.) Contrary to popular hype, the LHC does NOT create the conditions existing at the beginning of the universe, whatever the big bang theory projects that to be. The extreme conditions of high-energy particle-collision velocity and temperature the LHC creates exist only in very minute volumes relative to the size of an atom, -let alone the size of the planet- and they exist only for nano-secconds. 2.) In contrast with the early atom smashers, and atomic bomb tests, the LHC has a lot of very sophisticated shielding and protection built in to protect the technicians working there and people living in the area surrounding the LHC near Gneva Switzerland.

Particle physicists, through little fault of their own, have tunnel vision (pun intended). Once we get away from the simplistic reductionist idea that we can learn all there is to know about sub-atomic reality by studying the pieces flying away from a particle collision, and combine the microcosmic with the macrocosm of the observable universe, we begin to see a more cohesive picture: Unknown to particle physicists, we (Neppe & Close) have proved conclusively that there could be no physical universe without the influence of the third form of reality, the part of reality that is not directly measurable as mass or energy. This is absolutely and irrefutably proved by application of mathematical and hyper-geometric dimensional logic to quantum mechanical experimental results and LHC particle collision data. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that the third form of reality is related to dark matter/dark energy. Not only that, the only available candidate that can be identified as the third form of reality is consciousness.

It is also now very clear that the third form of reality is a manifestation of a primary form of consciousness that has necessarily existed from the beginning, and even before any beginning we can identify by inductive and deductive reasoning from the current state of the physical universe. 

I propose that this Primary Consciousness is none other than that which the Spiritual Masters of all times have called God, the Infinite Intelligence underlying reality and connecting the individualized consciousness of every living being.

WHY IS TDVP SO CONTROVERSIAL?

WHY IS THE TDVP THEORY OF EVERYTHING SO CONTROVERSIAL?

TDVP presents irrefutable evidence of the universal existence of a third form of reality in addition to the well-known forms of mass and energy. You might think that the discovery that the physical universe could not exist without the stabilizing involvement of this third form of reality would excite scientists. When the qualities and attributes of the third form of reality are found to be consistent with an omnipresent, super-intelligent form of consciousness, you might think theologians would get excited. But, with the exception of a handful of professional scientists and theologians worldwide, when the evidence is presented to them, the overwhelming reaction is to first try to refute it. When they cannot refute it, they call it ‘controversial’ and choose to ignore it! Why?

The answer is simple: It challenges their personal and professional belief systems, and destroys the myth that science and spirituality are mutually exclusive. On the other hand, ordinary people with no invested interest in the belief systems and dogmas of science or religion, of whom there are a growing number; see that this REAL shift out of materialistic reductionism and religious fantasy is the way to a brighter future, a future that restores purpose and meaning to life and physical existence.

TRUE UNITS AND THE THIRD FORM OF REALITY

TRUE UNITS & THE THIRD FORM

STABLE VORTICAL FORMS AND TRUE QUANTAL UNITS

Chemists trained in the current paradigm think of the combination of elementary particles and elements as forming atoms and molecules by the physical bonding of their structures, and model these combinations in tinker-toy fashion with plastic or wooden spherical objects connected by single or double cylindrical spokes. This is helpful for visualizing molecular compounds in terms of their constituents prior to combining, but that is not necessarily what actually happens. Inside a stable organic molecule, volumetrically symmetric atoms are not simply attached; their sub-atomic spinning vortical “particles” combine, forming a new vortical object. Elementary particles are rapidly spinning symmetric vortical objects and when three of them combine in proportions that satisfy the three-dimensional Conveyance Equation, they do not simply stick together - they combine to form a new, dimensionally stable, symmetrically-spinning object. Because they are spinning in more than one plane, these objects are best conceived of as closed vortical solitions.

The triadic combinations of elementary vortical objects, like up- and down-quarks, form new vortical objects called protons and neutrons; the combinations of electrons, protons and neutrons form new vortical objects called elements; and the triadic combinations of volumetrically symmetric elements form new vortical objects called organic molecules. Thus, the dimensional forms of symmetrically-spinning objects formed by the combining of smaller vortical objects form closed vortices in 3S-1t with new physical and chemical characteristics, depending upon both their internal and external structure. We will take the volume of the smallest possible quantized vortical object as the basic unit of measurement as the true quantal unit.

THE TRUE UNIT, THE CONVEYANCE EQUATION AND THE THIRD FORM OF REALITY

Conceptually, the true quantum unit in TDVP is therefore a sub-quark unitary extent/content entity spinning in the mathematically required nine dimensions of quantized reality. When we choose to measure the substance of a quantum distinction, the effects of its spinning in the three planes of space register as inertia or mass, spin in the time-like dimensional planes manifests as energy, and spinning in the additional planes of reality containing the space and time domains, requires a third form of the stuff of reality, in addition to, but not registering as either mass or energy, to complete the minimum quantum volume required for the stability of that distinct object. Because this third form of the stuff of reality is unknown in current science, we need an appropriate symbol to represent it. Every letter in the English and Greek alphabets has been used as a symbol for something in math and science, so we have gone to the historically earlier Phoenician-Aramaic-Hebrew alphabet. We will represent that potential third form of reality here with the third letter of the Aramaic alphabet, ג (Gimmel), and we will call the sub-quark unitary measure of the three forms of reality the Triadic Rotational Unit of Equivalence, or TRUE Unit.

The mix of the three forms, m, E and ג, needed to maintain symmetric stability, present in any given 3S-1t measurement, will be determined by the appropriate Conveyance Equation, as demonstrated below. When n = m = 3, Σⁿ_i=1 (X_n)^m = Z^m yields:

(X₁)³ + (X₂)³ + (X₃)³= Z³

The integer solutions of this Diophantine equation in TRUE units represent the possible combinations of three symmetric vortical distinctions forming a fourth three-dimensional symmetric vortical distinction.

THE PRIMARY LEVEL OF SYMMETRIC STABILITY – QUARKS

With the appropriate integer values of X₁, X₂, X₃, and Z, in TRUE units, this equation represents the stable combination of three quarks to form a Proton or Neutron. There are many integer solutions for this equation and historically, methods for solving it were first developed by Leonhard Euler ^ref. The smallest integer solution of this Conveyance Equation is 3³ + 4³ + 5³= 6³.

Trial Combination of Two Up-Quarks and One Down-Quark, i.e.

The Proton, With Minimal TRUE Units

Particle	Charge*	Mass/Energy	ג	Total TRUE Units	MREV**
u1	+ 2	4	-1	3	27
u2	+ 2	4	0	4	64
d	- 1	9	-4	5	125
Total	+ 3	17	-5	12	216=63

* For consistency in a quantized reality, charge has also been normalized in these tables.

^** Minimum Rotational Equivalent Volume (MREV)

If we attempt to use the smallest integer solution, 3³ + 4³ + 5³= 6³, to find the appropriate values of ג for the Proton, we obtain negative values for ג for the first up-quark and the down-quark and zero for the second up-quark. It is conceivable that some quarks may contain no ג units, but negative values are a problem, because a negative number of total ג units would produce an entity with fewer total TRUE units than the sum of mass/energy units of that entity, violating the conservation of mass and energy, destroying the particle’s equilibrium and identity. When we try to use the smallest integer solution of the conveyance equation to describe the combination of one up-quark and two down-quarks in a neutron, all of the quarks have negative ג units. See the table below:

Trial Combination of One Up-Quark and Two Down-Quarks in TRUE Units

Particle	Charge	Mass/Energy	ג	Total TRUE Units	MREV
u	+ 2	4	-1	3	27
d1	- 1	9	-5	4	64
d2	- 1	9	-4	5	125
Totals	0	22	-10	12	216=63

In conformance with the Bohr’s solution of the EPR paradox (the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics), newly formed elementary entities do not exist as localized particles in 3S-1T until a 3S-1t measurement or observation is made. This is only possible if all TRUE units are ג units, undetectable in 3S-1t, before observation and measurement. This means that they exist in the dimensional substrate and will manifest as either mass/energy, or ג units, to manifest the logical patterns of the substrate in observable symmetrically stable 3S-1t forms. In this way, the encompassing substrate, the additional six plus dimensions of the nine-dimensional structure of reality, organizes the 3S-1t world that we experience through the physical senses and their extensions into discrete forms.

The redistribution of TRUE units cannot result in the appearance of negative ג units in the internal structure of an entity. A triadic entity with negative total ג units is not possible because a negative number of total ג units would violate the conservation of mass and energy, destroying the particle’s equilibrium and identity. Analogous to the axiom ‘nature abhors a vacuum’, a result of the second law of thermodynamics, just as the electrons of an incomplete shell rush around the entire volume of the shell trying to fill it, negative ג units would pull a TRUE units out of the mass/energy of the particle to fill the void and the measurable mass/energy of the particle would no longer be that of a proton or neutron and conservation of mass/energy in 3S-1t would be violated.

Attempting to use the smallest integer solution, (3, 4, 5, 6) of the Conveyance Equation to find the appropriate values of ג for the proton and neutron, we obtain negative total ג unit values. This solution would change the particle’s measurable mass/energy identity and violate conservation of mass and energy, so we continue to look for an appropriate solution. The next numerically smallest integer solution for the Conveyance Equation is 1³ + 6³ + 8³= 9³, but, using it also results in negative values. The smallest integer solution of the Conveyance Equation that produces no negative values of ג for the Proton is 6³ + 8³ + 10³= 12³, using this solution we have the electrically and symmetrically stable Proton:

The Proton (P⁺)

Particle*	Charge	Mass/Energy	ג	Total TRUE Units	MREV
u1	+ 2	4	2	6	216
u2	+ 2	4	4	8	512
d1	- 1	9	1	10	1,000
Total	+ 3	17	7	24	1728=123

* u₁ and u₂ have the same number of TRUE units of mass and energy, and therefore will register as up-quarks in the collider data, but have different numbers of TRUE units of equivalent volume participating as ג to produce the volumetrically symmetric, and therefore stable, Proton.

Nature, reflecting the patterns of the dimensional substrate, does not have to rely upon random particle encounters to build complex structural forms. Compound structures are formed within the mathematical organization of the Conveyance Equation, and useful building blocks have a significant level of stability in 3S-1t for protons to combine with other compound particles and create structures sufficiently complex to support life. To see how other structures arise from quarks, protons and electrons, we need to know how protons, neutrons and electrons relate to the Conveyance Equation: (X₁)³ + (X₂)³ + (X₃)³= Z³. If the number of TRUE units in the proton is equal to the integer X₁, the number of TRUE units in the neutron = X₂, the number of TRUE units in the electron = X₃, then the resulting compound entity, will be stable in the 3S-1T domain of physical observations.

We know that the 24 TRUE-unit Proton must combine with an electron to form a Hydrogen atom, and with other protons, electrons and neutrons to form the other elements. In order to find the smallest solution of the conveyance equation that can include the 24 TRUE units of the proton, we may start by trying the solutions we’ve used so far. 24 is a multiple of 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8, any one of which can be a factor of X₁ in the conveyance equation solutions we’ve used so far. Up to this point we’ve only used the first two of the smallest primitive integer solutions of the equation: 3³ + 4³ + 5³ = 6³ and 1³ + 6³ + 8³ = 9³. (A primitive Diophantine solution is defined as one without a common factor in all terms.) We have also used 6³ + 8³ + 10³= 12³, an integer solution obtained by multiplying all of the terms of the smallest primitive solution by 2. The first 36 integer solutions of the conveyance equation (X₁)³ + (X₂)³ + (X₃)³ = Z³ are listed below in ascending order. Primitive solutions are in bold.

3³ + 4³ + 5³ = 6³

1³ + 6³ + 8³ = 9³

6³ + 8³ + 10³ = 12³

2³+ 12³ + 16³ = 18³

3³ + 10³ + 18³ = 19³

7³ + 14³ + 17³ = 20³

12³ + 16³ + 20³ = 24³

4³ + 17³ + 22³ = 25³

3³ + 18³ + 24³ = 27³

18³ + 19³ + 21³ = 28³

11³ + 15³ + 27³ = 29³

15³ + 20³ + 25³ = 30³

4³ + 24³ + 32³ = 36³

18³ + 24³ + 30³ = 36³

2³ + 17³ + 40³ = 41³

6³ + 32³ + 33³ = 41³

16³ + 23³ + 41³ = 44³

5³ + 30³ + 40³ = 45³

3³ + 36³ + 37³ = 46³

27³ + 30³ + 37³ = 46³

24³ + 32³ + 40³ = 48³

8³ + 34³ + 44³ = 50³

29³ + 34³ + 44³ = 53³

12³ + 19³ + 53³ = 54³

36³ + 38³ + 42³ = 56³

15³ + 42³ + 49³ = 58³

21³ + 42³ + 51³ = 60³

30³ + 40³ + 50³ = 60³

7³ + 42³ + 56³ = 63³

22³ + 51³ + 54³ = 67³

36³ + 38³ + 61³ = 69³

7³ + 54³ + 57³ = 70³

14³ + 23³ + 70³ = 71³

34³ + 39³ + 65³ = 72³

38³ + 43³ + 66³ = 75³

31³ + 33³ + 72³ = 76

The numbers appearing in the totals in the tables describing quarks, protons, neutrons and atoms are the smallest possible non-negative integers consistent with the empirical data and the requirement for symmetry that the sum of the three totals cubed must equal an integer cubed. Thus, we can calculate the number of ג units involved, and the totals of TRUE units required by the conveyance equation to yield results consistent with empirical particle collider data. Note that the TRUE units in these tables are measurements of three-dimensional objects in multiples of the unitary linear measure of their volumes, and their minimal rotational equivalence volumes (MREV), listed in the last column, are equal to the TRUE unit values cubed.

Negative values for ג cannot occur because of the conservation of mass and energy. Negatives would destroy the mass/energy/ ג balance and turn the quarks into unstable combinations which would decay quickly. So we must find the smallest unique conveyance equation solution for each combination of sub-atomic particles. The correct unique solution can be found for each triadic sub-atomic particle by starting with the smallest integer solution of the conveyance equation and moving up the scale until no negative values are obtained. Using the solution 6³ + 8³ + 10³= 12³, the first attempt to find the TRUE unit configuration of the neutron is shown below:

Trial Combination of One Up-Quark and Two Down-Quarks in TRUE Units

Particle	Charge	Mass/Energy	ג	Total TRUE Units	MREV
u	+ 2	4	2	6	216
d1	- 1	9	-1	8	512
d2	- 1	9	1	10	1000
Totals	0	22	2	24	1728=123

Since this solution still produces a negative value of ג for d₁, we must move to the next larger solution to represent the Neutron. The smallest unique Conveyance Equation solution with no negative or zero values of ג for the stable Neutron is 9³ + 12³ + 15³= 18³

Second Trial of Quark Combinations for the Neutron

Particle	Charge	Mass/Energy	ג	Total TRUE Units	MREV
u3	+ 2	4	5	9	729
d2	- 1	9	3	12	1,728
d3	- 1	9	6	15	3,375
Totals	0	22	14	36	5,832=183 = 54x108

These TRUE unit numbers give us a stable neutron; but we have another problem: None of the solutions with a term equal to 24 have a second term equal to 36. Nor do any of the solutions listed have two terms with the ratio 24/36 =2/3. This is a problem because it means that combinations with equal numbers of protons and neutrons could not be stable, and we know that Hydrogen, the element Helium, and other elements are stable combinations with equal numbers of protons and neutrons. Looking at the TRUE-units analysis of Helium as an example, we have:

Attempt to Construct a Helium Atom with P⁺ = 24 and N⁰ = 36

Particle	Charge	Mass/Energy	ג	Total TRUE Units	MREV
2e	- 6	2	78	80*	512,000
2P+	+ 6	34	14	48	110,592
2N0	0	44	28	72	373,248
Totals	0	80	120	200	995,840=(99.861…)3

*Note: The number of TRUE units making up the electron is unknown at this point. This value was chosen because it is the integer value that produced a total MREV nearest to a cube, as it must be for a stable Helium atom. The smallest integer value in TRUE units for the proton is 24.

Since a neutron of 36 TRUE units produces an unstable Helium atom, contradicting the empirical fact that stable Helium atoms exist, we have to seek another integer solution of the conveyance equation for the neutron.

Going back to the list of conveyance equation solutions, we see that the next smallest solution that does not generate negatives for the neutron is the primitive solution 7³ + 14³ + 17³ = 20³.

Third Trial of Quark Combinations for the Neutron

Particle	Charge	Mass/Energy	ג	Total TRUE Units	MREV
u3	+ 2	4	3	7	343
d2	- 1	9	5	14	2,744
d3	- 1	9	8	17	4,913
Totals	0	22	16	38	8,000=203

Next, we need to see if this quark combination for the neutron combined with protons and electrons will yield stable atomic structures. Using the values we derived for P⁺ and N⁰, the first integer solution of the conveyance equation containing the values X₁ = 24 and X₂ = 38 is obtained by multiplying both sides of the primitive solution 12³ + 19³ + 53³ = 54³ by 2, yielding  the integer solution 24³ + 38³ + 106³ = 108³.

Helium Atom with P⁺ = 24 and N⁰ = 38

Particle	Charge	Mass/Energy	ג	Total TRUE Units	MREV
2e	- 6	2	210	212*	9,528,128
2P+	+ 6	34	14	48	110,592
2N0	0	44	32	76	438,976
Totals	0	80	256	336	10,077,696=2163

^*With the TRUE units determined for protons and neutrons, the Helium atom is stable only if the total number of TRUE units for the electron is 106.

Besides the TRUE units that appear as mass/energy in given elementary particles, because of the embedded nature (dimensional tethering) of dimensional domains in TDVP, there must be a minimum number of ג units associated with each particle for stability. Consistent with up- and down-quark decay from the strange quark, the stabilization requirement of an integer solution for the conveyance equation, and the additional TRUE units of ג needed for particle stability, the following table describes the electron, proton and neutron in TRUE units, with up quarks composed of a total of 24 TRUE units, down quarks composed of a total of 38 TRUE units and electrons composed of a total of 106 TRUE units. It therefore represents the normalized mass/energy, minimum ג and total volumes for stable electrons, protons and neutrons, the building blocks of the physical universe. 

NEXT: The Elements of the Periodic Table and the Three levels of Stability.